Locations near to cage culture areas exhibited higher BOD5 values than sites close to pond/lagoon culture areas due to the effects of numerous point sources of pollution, including upstream wastewater and out-fluxes from residential and tourism activities in the surrounding areas, all of which had a direct impact on the quality of the surface water used for aquaculture. Calibrated for the year of 2019 and validated for the year of 2020, the developed model showed a significant agreement between the observed and simulated values of water quality parameters. This study utilized MIKE 11 to quantify the spatio-temporal dynamics of water quality parameters (Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD5), Dissolved Oxygen (DO) and temperature) in the Long Xuyen Quadrangle area of the Vietnamese Mekong Delta. The finding of this study is critically important for decision-makers to design different mitigation or adaptation measures for water resource management in lieu of rapid global changes in a timely manner in An Giang and the VMD. The main reason behind this is direct discharge of untreated wastewater from the rice intensification and urban sewerage lines. The WAWQI showed that 97.5 and 95.0% of water samples fall into the bad and unsuitable, respectively, for drinking categories. The high concentration of COD, NH4 + were found in the urban area and the main river (Bassac River). The NO2 − concentration inside triple and double rice cropping systems during the dry season exceeds the permissible limit of the Vietnamese standard. The results show that the mean concentrations of conductivity (EC), phosphate (PO4 3−), ammonium (NH4 +), chemical oxygen demand (COD), and potassium (K +) failed to meet the World Health Organization (WHO) and Vietnamese standards for both seasons.
Multivariable statistical analysis and weighted arithmetic water quality index (WAWQI) were used to analyze 40 water samples in each seasons. This study aims to evaluate water quality parameters inside full-and semi-dike systems and outside of the dike system during the wet and dry season in An Giang Province. A few studies have evaluated the impact of land use land cover (LULC) change on surface water quality in the Vietnamese Mekong Delta (VMD), one of the most productive agricultural deltas in the world.
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